IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Cite references in text with author & date, then alphabetically on references list,
which allows readers to locate sources easily.
1. ONE WORK BY ONE AUTHOR
Kessler (2003) found that among epidemiological samples
Early onset results in a more persistent and severe course (Kessler, 2003).
<1st example: If name of the author appears as part of narrative, cite only year of publication in parentheses.
<2nd example: Otherwise, place both the name and year, separated by a comma, in parentheses.
2. ONE WORK BY TWO AUTHORS always cite both names every time in-text reference occurs:
Walker and Miuri (2000) compared reaction times
In a recent study of reaction times (Walker & Miuri, 2000)
<Join the names in a multiple-author citation in running text by the word: and
<In parenthetical material and the reference list, join the names by the ampersand symbol: &
3. ONE WORK BY THREE, FOUR, OR FIVE AUTHORS cite all authors the first time the reference occurs, in subsequent citations, include only the first author’s surname followed by et al. (not italicized and with a period after al) and the year if it is the first citation of the reference within a paragraph:
Kisangau, Lyaruu, Hosea, and Joseph (2007) found [Use as first citation in text]
Kisangau et al. (2007) found [Use as subsequent 1st citation per paragraph thereafter.]
Wasserstein et al. found [Omit year from subsequent citations after 1st citation within a paragraph.]
4. ONE WORK HAS SIX OR MORE AUTHORS cite only the first author’s surname (last name) followed by et al. (not italicized and with a period after al) and the year for the first & subsequent citations.
[see Concise, pp. 178-185: Citing References in Text] [or unabridged, p. 174-177: Citing References in Text]
QUOTATION GUIDELINES
1. PARAPHRASING is expressing or explaining other people’s ideas by rewording the language into your own words. All paraphrasing must be cited, otherwise it is plagiarism. PROVIDE A PAGE OR PARAGRAPH NUMBER, especially when it would help an interested reader locate the relevant passage in a long or complex text.
[see Concise, p. 175: 7.04 Paraphrasing Material] [or unabridged, p. 171: 6.04 Paraphrasing Material]
2. DIRECT QUOTATION – FEWER than 40 words
1. Incorporate quote into text
2. Enclose with double quotation marks
3. If mid-sentence: cite source in parentheses immediately after quotation marks & continue
sentence. EXAMPLE:
Interpreting these results, Robbins et al. (2003) suggested that the “therapists in dropout cases may have
inadvertently validated parental negativity about the adolescent without adequately responding to the
adolescent’s needs or concerns” (p. 541), contributing to an overall climate of negativity.
4. If at end of sentence: close quoted passage with quotation marks, cite source immediately after
quotation marks & end with a period or other punctuation outside final parenthesis. EXAMPLE:
Confusing this issue is the overlapping nature of roles in palliative care, whereby “medical needs are
met by those in the medical disciplines; nonmedical needs may be addressed by anyone on the team”
(Csikai & Chaitin, 2006, p. 112).
3. DIRECT QUOTATION – MORE than 40 words
1. Display it in a freestanding block of text instead of using quotation marks
2. Start this block quotation on a new line
3. Indent the block about a half inch from left margin
4. Double-space the entire quotation
5. If there are additional paragraphs within quotation, indent the first line an addiitional half inch.
6. At end of block quotation, cite source in parentheses AFTER final punctuation mark. EXAMPLE:
Others have contradicted this view:
Co-presence does not ensure intimate interaction among all group members. Consider large-scale
social gatherings in which hundreds or thousands of people gather in a location to perform a
ritual or celebrate an event.
In these instances, participants are able to see the visible manifestation of the group, the
physical gathering, yet their ability to make direct, intimate connections with those around them
is limited by the sheer magnitude of the assembly. (Purcell, 1997, pp. 111-112)
4. USE PARAGRAPH # FOR ONLINE MATERIAL WITH NO PAGE # FOR IN-TEXT CITATION
Cite a direct quote with paragraph number using either the abbreviation para. or paragraph symbol: ¶ EXAMPLES: (Myers, 2000, ¶ 5) (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)
[see Concise, p. 173: 7.03 & 7.05 Direct Quotations…] [or unabridged, p. 171: 6.03 & 6.05 Direct Quotations…]
FAQ: HOW DO I CITE FROM A SECONDARY SOURCE?
<My article has the perfect quote or data I need, but my source is actually citing it as coming from another book/article/journal I don’t have access to. Can I still cite it – and how?
<Use secondary sources sparingly, for instance, when the original work is out of print, unavailable through usual sources, or not available in English.
<Give the secondary source (the article you found the quote/data in) in your reference list.
<In your in-text citation, name the original work and give a citation for the secondary source.
<EXAMPLE #1: if Allport’s work is cited in Nicholson and you did not read Allport’s work, list the Nicholson reference in the reference list. In the text, use the following citation:
Allport’s diary (as cited in Nicholson, 2003).
<EXAMPLE #2: Seidenberg and McClelland’s work is cited in Coltheart et al. and you did not read the work cited, list the Colheart et al. reference in the References. In the text, use the following citation:
In-text citation: Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993)
Reference list entry: Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608.
[see Concise, pp. 186-187: 7.18 Secondary Sources] [or unabridged, p. 178: 6.17 Secondary Sources]
WRITING STYLE TIPS
<General rule for writing numbers (exceptions are listed in Concise pp. 85-90 or unabridged, pp. 111-114):
oIF 10 OR ABOVE: use NUMERALS (for example, 17 or 487).
oIF BELOW 10: use WORDS (for example, three or seven).
<A verb must agree in number (i.e., singular or plural) with its subject.
<Use transitional words to achieve continuity & flow as you progress through sentences & paragraphs:
otime links such as then, next, after, while, since
ocause-effect links such as therefore, consequently, as a result
oaddition links such as in addition, moreover, furthermore, similarly
ocontrast links such as but, conversely, nevertheless, however, although
[see Concise, pp. 85, 35, 13] [or unabridged, pp. 111, 78, 65]
